Targeting Prostatic Redox Imbalance: Emerging Phytochemical Antioxidants in the Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common age-related urological disorder characterized by non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland, often leading to lower urinary tract symptoms and reduced quality of life in aging men. Mounting evidence implicates oxidative stress and chronic inflammation as pivotal mechanisms in BPH pathogenesis, with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation disrupting cellular homeostasis, promoting stromal proliferation, and impairing apoptosis. In recent years, phytochemical antioxidants have garnered significant attention as promising adjuncts or alternatives to conventional BPH therapies. This review explores the underlying role of redox imbalance in BPH, critically examines the molecular targets of oxidative stress in prostatic tissue, and highlights emerging antioxidant-rich phytochemicals, including flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, and terpenoids. Specific attention is given to curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, lycopene, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which demonstrate the capacity to inhibit inflammatory signaling pathways, modulate oxidative enzymes, and restore prostatic redox homeostasis. The pharmacokinetics, safety profiles, and clinical relevance of these agents are discussed in the context of current evidence. This review advocates for integrative strategies that combine antioxidant phytochemicals with standard medical or surgical interventions to holistically target oxidative pathways in BPH, and recommends future directions for translational research and personalized nutraceutical therapy. Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, oxidative stress, phytochemicals, antioxidants, inflammation, nutraceuticals