GA-Synthesized Training Framework for Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy PID Control in High-Precision SPAD Thermal Management

This study presents a hybrid adaptive control strategy that integrates genetic algorithm (GA) optimization with an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for precise thermal regulation of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). To address the nonlinear and disturbance-sensitive dynamics of SPAD systems, a performance-oriented dataset is constructed through multi-scenario simulations using settling time, overshoot, and steady-state error as fitness metrics. The genetic algorithm (GA) facilitates broad exploration of the proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller parameter space while ensuring control stability by discarding low-performing gain combinations. The resulting high-quality dataset is used to train the ANFIS model, enabling real-time, adaptive tuning of PID gains. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed GA-ANFIS-PID controller significantly enhances dynamic response, robustness, and adaptability over both the conventional Ziegler–Nichols PID and GA-only PID schemes. The controller maintains stability under structural perturbations and abrupt thermal disturbances without the need for offline retuning, owing to the real-time inference capabilities of the ANFIS model. By combining global evolutionary optimization with intelligent online adaptation, this approach improves both accuracy and generalization, offering a practical and scalable solution for SPAD thermal management in demanding environments such as quantum communication, sensing, and single-photon detection platforms.