Numerical Simulation of Paraffin Energetic Performance Enhanced by KNO3, NH4NO3, Al, Ti, and Stearic Acid for Hybrid Rocket Applications

This study investigates the energy performance of paraffin-based hybrid fuels enhanced with potassium nitrate (KNO3), ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), aluminum (Al), titanium (Ti), and stearic acid additives. The fuels were evaluated using thermochemical calculations via ProPEP3 Version 1.0.3.0 software, revealing significant improvements in specific impulse (Isp) and combustion temperature. While formulations with nitrates and aluminum exhibited noticeable increases in combustion efficiency and thermal output, titanium-containing mixtures provided moderate improvements. Stearic acid improved fuel processability and provided a stable burning profile without significant energy penalties. These findings demonstrate that suitable combinations of additives can substantially improve the energy output of paraffin-based hybrid fuels, making them more viable for aerospace propulsion applications.