Bioinformatic Analysis of the Leptin–Ob-R Interface: Structural Modeling, Thermodynamic Profiling, and Stability in Diverse Microenvironments

Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that orchestrates different physiological processes, including energy balance, thermogenesis, immune regulation, reproduction, and tissue remodeling. These effects are mediated through interaction with the CRH2 domain of the leptin receptor (Ob-R). While the structural aspects of the interaction between leptin and Ob-R have been first studied in humans and mice, comparative analyses of stability across mammalian species under physiologically relevant microenvironmental conditions remain limited. We performed a bioinformatics-driven structural, stability, and thermodynamic characterization of the leptin-CRH2 complex. This included structural homology modeling using a full-length template, interface mapping, and binding energy estimation. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of pH, ionic strength, and temperature on complex formation to mimic physiological and pathological tissue conditions to enhance clarity in the structural features and stability of the complex. Our results show that the interaction is primarily enthalpy-driven and is sensitive to temperature, ionic strength, and pH changes for all heterodimers analyzed here. The predicted binding free energy (ΔG) ranged from -10.50 to -16.81 kcal/mol across species. The integrated bioinformatic analyses suggest that subtle sequence variations influence the stability and environmental responsiveness of the complex. This study provides a molecular framework for understanding how leptin-Ob-R binding adapts across species and tissue contexts.