Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries
Polygenic scores (PGSs) for body mass index (BMI) may guide early prevention and targeted treatment of obesity. Using genetic data from up to 5.1 million people (4.6% African ancestry, 14.4% American ancestry, 8.4% East Asian ancestry, 71.1% European ancestry and 1.5% South Asian ancestry) from the GIANT consortium and 23andMe, Inc., we developed ancestry-specific and multi-ancestry PGSs. The multi-ancestry score explained 17.6% of BMI variation among UK Biobank participants of European ancestry. For other populations, this ranged from 16% in East Asian-Americans to 2.2% in rural Ugandans. In the ALSPAC study, children with higher PGSs showed accelerated BMI gain from age 2.5 years to adolescence, with earlier adiposity rebound. Adding the PGS to predictors available at birth nearly doubled explained variance for BMI from age 5 onward (for example, from 11% to 21% at age 8). Up to age 5, adding the PGS to early-life BMI improved prediction of BMI at age 18 (for example, from 22% to 35% at age 5). Higher PGSs were associated with greater adult weight gain. In intensive lifestyle intervention trials, individuals with higher PGSs lost modestly more weight in the first year (0.55 kg per s.d.) but were more likely to regain it. Overall, these data show that PGSs have the potential to improve obesity prediction, particularly when implemented early in life.
Authors
- Winfried März (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6083-8946)
- Vilmundur Guðnason (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-0084)
- Marc Pauper (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6274-9891)
- Hieab H.H. Adams (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-2508)
- Mirjam Frank (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-020X)
- Xuan Deng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0918-817X)
- H Janaka de Silva
- Ayşe Demirkan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7546-0867)
- Francesco Piluso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2102-6735)
- Joel N. Hirschhorn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1650-7901)
- Torben Jørgensen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9453-2830)
- Tim D. Spector (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9795-0365)
- Jaakko A. Kaprio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3716-2455)
- Liang Sun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5213-6941)
- Rob M. van Dam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-8734)
- Nigel W. Rayner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0510-4792)
- Chris Power (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4003-0904)
- Ken Sin Lo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1904-2625)
- Michael Boehnke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6442-7754)
- Charles Kooperberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7986-8560)
- Elisabeth Widén
- Laura J. Scott (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4886-5084)
- Patricia A. Peyser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9717-8459)
- Yogasudha Veturi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5878-2960)
- Michael A. Province (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-774X)
- Takahisa Kawaguchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7781-7404)
- Carlos A. Aguilar‐Salinas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-0241)
- J. Wouter Jukema (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3246-8359)
- Matt J. Neville (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6004-5433)
- Qiuyin Cai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9384-5648)
- Niek Verweij (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4303-7685)
- Magdalena Żołędziewska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-6133)
- Yvonne M. Golightly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1205-2759)
- Deborah J. Thompson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-5799)
- Heribert Schunkert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6428-3001)
- Ginevra Biino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9936-946X)
- Xiaofeng Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0037-411X)
- Thomas Folkmann Hansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6703-7762)
- Quanshun Mei
- Xueling Sim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1233-7642)
- J. G. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6285-9935)
- Heike Meiselbach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5163-8264)
- Themistocles L. Assimes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2349-0009)
- Maggie C. Y. Ng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4133-2007)
- Rozenn N. Lemaître (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-1844)
- Nathalie van der Velde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6477-6209)
- Wen‐Jane Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4390-8129)
- Ilja M. Nolte (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5047-4077)
- Cristian Pattaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-0109)
- Wei Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9561-5099)
- Stavroula Kanoni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1691-9615)
- Sarah Elizabeth Medland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1382-380X)
- Henry Völzke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-399X)
- Christopher Newton‐Cheh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-9111)
- Jennifer E. Huffman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-2491)
- Sang Youl Rhee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0119-5818)
- Thorsten Kessler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3326-1621)
- Kjell Nikus
- Alan B. Zonderman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6523-4778)
- Nicholas G. Martin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020)
- William G. Iacono (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3194-3090)
- Line Lund Kårhus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1722-8269)
- Alicia Huerta‐Chagoya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-3904)
- Thomas W. Winkler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-5421)
- Masahiro Kanai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5165-4408)
- Hiroyuki Iha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-2067)
- Jeanne M. McCaffery (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2166-5840)
- Shaofeng Huo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5040-6004)
- A. Heather Eliassen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3961-6609)
- Maria Dimitriou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8469-8068)
- Esteban J. Parra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-8577)
- Ingrid E. Christophersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6141-4712)
- Carol A. Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4301-3974)
- Leen M. ‘t Hart (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-2938)
- Botong Shen
- Lars Lind (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2335-8542)
- Alessandra Chesi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0954-7446)
- Wolfgang Lieb (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2544-4460)
- Tomohiro Katsuya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8892-8828)
- Ruth J. F. Loos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8532-5087)
- Ya Xing Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2749-7793)
- Cornelia M. van Duijn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-9204)
- Barry London (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1506-3947)
- Kathleen A. Ryan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1158-8455)
- Hua Tang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0177-8864)
- Catharina Annette Hartman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8094-8859)
- Honghuang Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3043-3942)
- Raymond Noordam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7801-809X)
- Bjarke Feenstra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1478-649X)
- Rod A. Lea (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1148-5862)
- Jingjing Liang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4623-9864)
- Katrin Horn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-6936)
- Daeeun Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9387-0739)
- Suraj S. Nongmaithem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5390-0449)
- Lingyao Zeng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9912-1520)
- Hannah Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4248-9612)
- Lenore J. Launer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3238-7612)
- Kaare Christensen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5429-5292)
- Tobias Bergler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3875-6730)
- Woon‐Puay Koh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5674-6341)
- Scott I. Vrieze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-7930)
- Patricia B. Munroe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4176-2947)
- Gert J. de Borst (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1389-4141)
- Peter M. Visscher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2143-8760)
- Brian E. Cade (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1424-0673)
- Jeong‐Taek Woo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9201-0713)
- Jessica van Setten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4934-7510)
- Hiromi Rakugi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6508-4338)
- Matthew Allison (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0777-8272)
- Anne Jackson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9672-2547)
- Robert W. McGarrah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-7152)
- Fernando Rivadeneira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9435-9441)
- Jorgen Engmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7015-7773)
- John C. Chambers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0209-4541)
- Rui Xia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-1181)
- Patrik K. E. Magnusson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7315-7899)
- Gurpreet Singh Wander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4596-4247)
- David P. Strachan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7854-1366)
- Adriaan O. Kraaijeveld (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5136-5606)
- Laura J. Smyth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6419-4826)
- Chew‐Kiat Heng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7309-9473)
- Carlo Sidore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7504-7477)
- Kent D. Taylor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2756-4370)
- Lawrence J. Beilin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4853-7360)
- Chii‐Min Hwu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8209-9627)
- Paul W. Franks (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-7604)
- Marta Guindo-Martínez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8099-9170)
- Julia Ramírez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4130-5866)
- Masato Akiyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1879-5476)
- Michael Christiansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4713-755X)
- Dermot F. Reilly (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9456-1364)
- Zammy Fairhurst-Hunter
- Olga Giannakopoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8611-2094)
- Timothy M. Frayling (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8362-2603)
- Loïc Yengo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4272-9305)
- Helen R. Warren (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0511-1386)
- Markus Loeffler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0424-9933)
- Paola Tesolin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5238-6422)
- Moara Machado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-7103)
- Adesola Ogunniyi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2946-8956)
- Elina Hyppönen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-9399)
- Danish Saleheen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6193-020X)
- D. C. Rao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8538-2141)
- Aneta Aleksandra Nielsen
- Moritz F. Sinner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6660-796X)
- Jian’an Luan
- Harold Snieder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1949-2298)
- Braxton D. Mitchell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4920-4744)
- Bendik S. Winsvold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4171-8919)
- Juha Mykkänen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9898-2660)
- Michael R. Erdos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6603-1833)
- Chaolong Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3945-1012)
- Ani Manichaikul (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5998-795X)
- Geetha Chittoor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6443-6012)
- Julia Sidorenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1494-6772)
- Lukas Forer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2139-7329)
- Matthias Wuttke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3420-5082)
- Simon J. Haworth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7793-7326)
- Giorgia Girotto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4507-6589)
- Karl‐Heinz Herzig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4460-2604)
- Anubha Mahajan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5585-3420)
- Mika Kivimaki B (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-5627)
- Xianyong Yin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-2384)
- Sölve Elmståhl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7153-5414)
- Frits R. Rosendaal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2558-7496)
- Xiuqing Guo
- Paul L. Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5436-8658)
- Archie Campbell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0198-5078)
- Roderick C. Slieker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0961-9152)
- Ching‐Yu Cheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0655-885X)
- Hampton L. Leonard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2390-8110)
- Carmen R. Isasi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2700-9593)
- Yoichiro Kamatani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8748-5597)
- Hugh Watkins (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5287-9016)
- Kristian Hveem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8157-9744)
- Richa Saxena (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2233-1065)
- Amy Moore (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5083-0577)
- Frauke Degenhardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7516-3179)
- Christian Fuchsberger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5918-8947)
- Giriraj R. Chandak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3095-9453)
- George Hindy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7257-9299)
- Lοukianos S. Rallidis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7349-0309)
- Mary F. Feitosa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0933-2410)
- Seungho Ryu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-8646)
- M. Arfan Ikram (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0372-8585)
- Petra J. M. Elders (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5907-7219)
- Anders Eliasen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-0790)
- Jette Bork‐Jensen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4282-1344)
- Yukinori Okada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0311-8472)
- Alex William Hewitt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5123-5999)
- Louis Përusse (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6440-9698)
- Gonneke Willemsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3755-0236)
- Igor Rudan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6993-6884)
- Linda S. Adair (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3670-8073)
- Masahiro Nakatochi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-4837)
- Shufa Du (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1156-0866)
- Catherine Tcheandjieu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9559-4339)
- Yan V. Sun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2838-1824)
- Natasja M. van Schoor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0870-0795)
- Folkert W. Asselbergs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-8669)
- Norihiro Kato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2433-8415)
- Chittaranjan S. Yajnik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2911-2378)
- Mark S. Walker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3276-2689)
- Nina Mononen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-9159)
- Massimo Mangino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2167-7470)
- Kristin L. Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0070-6145)
- Marie Lauzon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6900-139X)
- Jingchunzi Shi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9671-2568)
- Matthias Bernd Schulze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-5277)
- Giuseppe Giovanni Nardone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1883-8939)
- Seung Hoan Choi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2797-3190)
- Frank Kee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0606-8167)
- Rebecca Danning
- Richard M. Watanabe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1015-0531)
- Frank Geller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-3269)
- Laura M. Raffield (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7892-193X)
- Clicerio González‐Villalpando
- Steven A. Lubitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-4866)
- Sanni Ruotsalainen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1631-4069)
- Hyejin Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8917-2842)
- Jun‐Sing Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0887-6432)
- Thangavel Alphonse Thanaraj (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4574-5343)
- Sarah E. Graham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1271-2489)
- Eric Boerwinkle (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8813-0544)
- Yunxuan Jiang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8690-4008)
- Pedro Marques‐Vidal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4548-8500)
- Francesco Cucca (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7414-1995)
- Mette K. Andersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-1469)
- Jaspal S. Kooner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2086-4837)
- Trevor Anthony Mori (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5264-9229)
- Ιωάννα Ντάλλα (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6419-6215)
- David A. Mackey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7914-4709)
- Thomas Meinertz Dantoft (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7437-7052)
- Simona Vaccargiu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7508-1314)
- Fahd Al‐Mulla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-3829)
- Lambertus A. Kiemeney (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2368-1326)
- Iris E. Jansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1901-8131)
- Christopher Haiman
- Huichun Xu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-9607)
- Judith B. Borja
- Jason E. Miller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-3512)
- Anita Pandit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5474-0993)
- Katherine A. Kentistou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-664X)
- Mi Yeong Hwang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8208-7925)
- Paulus Kirchhof (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1881-0197)
- Aurora Santin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-5463)
- José C. Florez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1730-9325)
- Andrew Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2079-4779)
- Dan Mellström (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2761-3723)
- M. Benjamin Shoemaker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6824-7155)
- Unnur Þorsteinsdóttir (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7049-2827)
- Cecilia M. Lindgren (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4903-9374)
- Douglas F. Easton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2444-3247)
- E Shyong Tai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2929-8966)
- Bernhard Banas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2076-2195)
- Peter J. van der Most (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8450-3518)
- Philip L. De Jager (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8057-2505)
- JoAnn E. Manson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9426-7595)
- Jakob Grove (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2284-5744)
- Lorelei Ann Mucci (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-4927)
- Susan Redline (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6585-1610)
- Yuri Milaneschi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-6617)
- Christopher Sivert Nielsen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0678-331X)
- Thomas Werge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1829-0766)
- Marina Ciullo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9621-9984)
- Fredrik Karpe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-1770)
- Ruth E. Mitchell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3506-160X)
- Daniëlle Posthuma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7582-2365)
- Maria J. Knol (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3597-1531)
- Ozren Polašek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5765-1862)
- Cassandra Nichole Spracklen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3590-7182)
- Alessandro Delitala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1729-8969)
- John Attia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9800-1308)
- Sailaja Vedantam (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3892-7461)
- Allan Linneberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0994-0184)
- Victoria L. Buchanan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9943-9950)
- Rachel L. Kember (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-2659)
- Aki Samuli Havulinna (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-8959)
- Sina Rüeger (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2848-9242)
- Gregory M. Marcus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5197-7696)
- Carolina Medina‐Gómez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7999-5538)
- Rajkumar Dorajoo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6608-2051)
- Martina E. Zimmermann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-4404)
- Brenda W.J.H. Penninx (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7779-9672)
- Claudia Langenberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5017-7344)
- Deborah E. Malden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0567-8294)
- Constance Turman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7790-8311)
- Shengchao A. Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9252-1492)
- Fabian Eichelmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3975-5596)
- Ghislain Rocheleau (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9989-7553)
- Tori L. Melendez
- Peter Kraft (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4472-8103)
- Sander W. van der Laan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6888-1404)
- Roelof A. J. Smit (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9822-6726)
- Jin Fang Chai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3770-1137)
- Sören Mucha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1647-2526)
- Iona Y. Millwood (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-0682)
- James F. Wilson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5751-9178)
- Nancy L. Heard‐Costa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9730-0306)
- Saiju Pyarajan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9047-3762)
- Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8349-3028)
- Dan M. Roden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6302-0389)
- Samuli Ripatti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0504-1202)
- Anuj Goel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2307-4021)
- Helena Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9773-9992)
- David R. Weir (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1661-2402)
- Donald W. Bowden (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4861-8005)
- Pashupati P. Mishra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5177-3431)
- Olli Tuomas Raitakari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9365-3702)
- Jennifer A. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3575-5468)
- Marcus E. Kleber (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0663-7275)
- Claude Bouchard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0048-491X)
- Hengtong Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3843-7174)
- Babette S. Zemel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6164-7348)
- Haretsugu Hishigaki
- Andrew Tym Hattersley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5620-473X)
- Maria Sabater‐Lleal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0128-379X)
- Meena Kumari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9716-1035)
- Anne E. Justice (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-8712)
- Paul R. H. J. Timmers (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5197-1267)
- Dennis Raven (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8861-1118)
- Kari E. North (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8903-0366)
- Michael J. Cutler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9498-7472)
- Niels Wacher-Rodarte
- Matt McGue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5580-1433)
- C.P.G.M. de Groot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2778-2789)
- Robin G. Walters (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9179-0321)
- Rajitha Wickremasinghe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6174-6784)
- Jae Hun Shin
- Tugce Karaderi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9763-8139)
- Alaitz Poveda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6349-3955)
- Miguel Cruz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9985-6172)
- Nicholas J. Timpson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7141-9189)
- Rebecca Rohde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5339-9535)
- Niels Grarup (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5526-1070)
- Michiel Rienstra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2581-070X)
- Saori Sakaue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3618-9717)
- Mark I. McCarthy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4393-0510)
- Dominique P.V. de Kleijn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2714-2140)
- Laura Lorés‐Motta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2423-9126)
- Dwaipayan Bharadwaj (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5268-8482)
- Gabriel Cuéllar-Partida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7648-4097)
- Oluf Pedersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-3972)
- Maryam Kavousi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5976-6519)
- Matthias Wielscher (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4138-1383)
- Amy Jayne McKnight (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-709X)
- Daniel James Rader (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9245-9876)
- Alexander Dietl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-8620)
- Kristoffer Sølvsten Burgdorf (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5814-6844)
- Klaus Stark (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7832-1942)
- Meir J. Stampfer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8865-935X)
- Jingyun Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3495-3710)
- Jonathan Marten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6916-2014)
- M. Carola Zillikens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9186-3423)
- Sahoko Ichihara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7224-0949)
- Peter Paul Pramstaller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9831-8302)
- Jennifer A. Brody (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-148X)
- Scott D. Gordon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7623-328X)
- Qibin Qi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2687-1758)
- Joshua Arias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6545-6656)
- Anuradhani Kasturiratne (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5260-2394)
- Marcus Alvarez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6369-5028)
- Jia Qu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5729-567X)
- Valgerður Steinthórsdóttir (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1846-6274)
- Beatrice Spedicati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7432-4708)
- Bjørn Olav Åsvold (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3837-2101)
- Struan F.A. Grant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2025-5302)
- Teresa Nutile (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-8352)
- Patrick T. Ellinor (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2067-0533)
- Lorena Orozco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-9180)
- Stephen S. Rich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3872-7793)
- Daniela Ruggiero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3898-7827)
- Diane Fatkin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9010-9856)
- Véronique Vitart (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4991-3797)
- Daiane Hemerich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7929-8107)
- Tien Yin Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8448-1264)
- Eung Kweon Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1453-8042)
- Harald Grallert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6876-9655)
- André Franke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-5811)
- Markus Scholz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1779)
- Eva Rabing Brix Petersen
- Eric Bartell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4380-1401)
- Maria Nethander (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3688-906X)
- Latchezar Dimitrov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4417-3790)
- Mark J. Caulfield (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9295-3594)
- Anette P. Gjesing (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4580-1576)
- Matthias Munz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4728-3357)
- Bamidele O. Tayo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-3958)
- Zoltán Kutalik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8285-7523)
- Zi‐Bing Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0515-698X)
- Saman Nazarian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8369-0259)
- Eco J. C. de Geus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-2666)
- Michael Preuß (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5266-8465)
- Craig Edward Pennell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0937-6165)
- Michele K. Evans (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8546-2831)
- John W. Cole (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9263-8930)
- Ivan Brandslund (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4203-5442)
- Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Kreete Lüll (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9722-5876)
- Jan B. van Klinken (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9855-3548)
- Mariam Nakabuye
- Lawrence F. Bielak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-8030)
- Md. Zubbair Malik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6693-0401)
- Naveed A. Sattar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1604-2593)
- Gonçalo R. Abecasis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-1825)
- Reinhold Schmidt
- Carsten A. Böger
- Hyung‐Lae Kim
- Lei Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7176-1152)
- Lyn R. Griffiths (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6774-5475)
- Wei Zhao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-0692)
- Pekka Jousilahti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7190-0979)
- Noha A. Yousri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1918-0331)
- Jessica D. Faul (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6969-6478)
- Carlos Riveros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2551-7618)
- Guillaume Lettre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7740-3399)
- Katja Pahkala (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9338-4397)
- Lars Fritsche (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4996-4639)
- Vivek Appadurai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2148-6201)
- Andres Metspalu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3718-796X)
- Ben Michael Brumpton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3058-1059)
- David M. Hougaard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-3517)
- Yingjie Ji (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3564-1710)
- Maria-Teresa Tusié-Luna
- Jian‐Min Yuan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4620-3108)
- Marylyn DeRiggi Ritchie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1208-1720)
- Aaron F. McDaid (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5209-8869)
- Terho Lehtimäki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2555-4427)
- Alexander Kokkinos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5491-2545)
- Jost Bruno Jonas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2972-5227)
- Ching‐Ti Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0703-0742)
- Peter K. Joshi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6361-5059)
- Panos Deloukas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9251-070X)
- Scott M. Damrauer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8009-1632)
- Sailalitha Bollepalli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8773-7149)
- Kaitlin H. Wade (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3362-6280)
- Kai-Uwe Eckardt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8345-4371)
- Azra Kurbasic (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-2619)
- Peter S. Braund (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8540-5709)
- Yuk‐Lam Ho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3305-3830)
- Walter Churchill Willett (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-7597)
- David J. Porteous (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1249-6106)
- Liselotte Vogdrup Petersen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0479-5379)
- Qin Hui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8421-3518)
- Xiao‐Ou Shu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-8314)
- Uwe Völker (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5689-3448)
- Huaixing Li
- Wanqing Wen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3004-5168)
- Jeanette Erdmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4486-6231)
- Marisa Cañadas‐Garre (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1103-5658)
- Heather M. Highland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-8239)
- Carel B. Hoyng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-5963)
- Barry I. Freedman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0275-5530)
- Liubov S Arbeeva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5004-419X)
- Juan-Carlos Fernandez-Lopez
- Segun Fatumo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4525-3362)
- Maria Pina Concas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3598-2537)
- Yii‐Der Ida Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1741-3517)
- Shyh‐Huei Chen
- Eirini Marouli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6179-1609)
- Marie‐Claude Vohl
- Annette Peters (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-0985)
- Caroline Brandl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-6137)
- Amanda E. Nelson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9344-7877)
- Ulrich Broeckel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6760-8614)
- Chu Won Nho
- Valeriya Lyssenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0198-6524)
- Stella Trompet (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5006-0528)
- Line T. Møllehave (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7116-9346)
- Eleanor Marie Simonsick (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5460-3494)
- Julie E. Buring (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2648-8692)
- Claes Ohlsson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9633-2805)
- Nish Chaturvedi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6211-2775)
- Markus M. Nöthen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8770-2464)
- Jie Yao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8822-0651)
- Whitney Hornsby (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0672-0338)
- Stephen J. Chanock (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2324-3393)
- Stefania Bandinelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6491-0850)
- Manuel Mattheisen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8442-493X)
- Silvia Camarda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6946-9280)
- Nina Hutri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7614-1318)
- Xiaohui Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-3572)
- Jun Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5288-3042)
- Weihua Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4165-5260)
- Fan Lü (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8794-6944)
- Jianjun Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3255-3019)
- Lihua Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6198-7561)
- Sang Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-2718)
- Young Jin Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4132-4437)
- Xinyuan Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8885-1146)
- Zhe Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-4969)
- Liming Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5873-7089)
- Han‐Na Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7053-7469)
- Veikko Salomaa
- Pim van der Harst
- Vasiliki Mamakou
- Stefan Gustafsson
- Päivi Pajukanta
- Fumihiko Matsuda
- Iris M. Heid
- Jian Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2001-2474)
- Nilesh J. Samani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3286-8133)
- Zhengming Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6423-105X)
- Myriam Fornage (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0677-8158)
- Xueping Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7978-5028)
- Jong‐Young Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0092-9958)
- Teresa Ferreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4333-1390)
- Torben Hansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8748-3831)
- Nicholas J. Wareham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-2993)
- Wei Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7719-0859)
- Marielisa Graff
- Lorraine Southam
- Seema Bhaskar
- Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Eleftheria Zeggini
- Sandra Freitag-Wolf
- Harri Niinikoski
- Christian Couture
- Tessel E. Galesloot
- Paraskevi Christofidou
- Hongyan Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2339-7189)
- Daisuke D. Ikeda
- Jaakko Tuomilehto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8306-6202)
- Jinghua Zhao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8018-6607)
- Jirong Long (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7433-9766)
- Ken Yamamoto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1531-9685)
- Albert V. Smith (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1942-5845)
- Christopher P. Nelson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8025-2897)
- Xiaoyin Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6837-7766)
- Markku Laakso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3394-7749)
- Bong-Jo Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3562-2654)
- Cristen J. Willer
- Péter Kovács (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0290-5423)
- Masato Isono (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3263-0459)
- Wen‐Yi Huang
- Adam Auton
- Yasuharu Tabara
- Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5572-7491)
- Franco Giulianini
- Alexander Teumer
- Gudmar Thorleifsson
- Kari Stefansson
- Joshua C. Bis
- Anke Tönjes
- Charumathi Sabanayagam
- Ingegerd Johansson
- Graciela E. Delgado
- Yoon Shin Cho
- Francis S. Collins
- Andrew D. Morris
- Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Peter W. F. Wilson
- Sharon L. R. Kardia
- Edith Hofer
- Christian Hengstenberg
- Ronald M. Krauss
- Paul M. Ridker
- Andrew B. Singleton
- Albertine J. Oldehinkel
- Donna K. Arnett
- George V. Dedoussis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7798-6221)
- Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Christian Gieger
- Bruce M. Psaty
- Amit Khera
- Tõnu Esko
- Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Jean‐Claude Tardif
- Dennis O. Mook‐Kanamori
- Adam E. Locke
- Wei Zheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7731-248X)
- Asif Rasheed
- Steven C. Hunt
- Femke Rutters
- Daniel I. Chasman
- Börge Schmidt
- Caroline Hayward
- Babatunde Salako
- Natalie Terzikhan
- Péter Vollenweider (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0765-896X)
- Yan Gao
- Jonathan P. Bradfield
- Emma P Wilson
- William A. Wheeler
- Alan F. Wright
- Mathias Gorski
- Xu Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4097-2006)
- Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Shefali Setia-Verma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1253)
- Wayne H.-H. Sheu
- Andrew R. Wood
- J. Haessler
- Jie Huang
- Chiea Chuen Khor
- Phuong Le (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4055-1268)
- Mika Kähönen
- Anneke I. den Hollander
- Anna Jönsson
- Wen Bin Wei (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-0989)
- Peter Sever
- Kuang Lin
- Mario Sims
- Yuki Bradford
- John‐Anker Zwart
- Alexander P. Reiner
- Paul Mitchell
- Mitsuhiro Yokota
- Ian Ford
- Yingchang Lu
- Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Mike A. Nalls
- Kui Dong Kang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3348-9047)
- Luigi Ferrucci
- Leslie A. Lange
- Heikki A. Koistinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7870-070X)
Institutions
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Lions Eye Institute (AU)
- Kurume University (JP)
- Broad Institute (US)
- University of Essex (GB)
- Boston University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Otsuka (Japan) (JP)
- James S. McDonnell Foundation (US)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- Leidos (United States) (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences (PL)
- Uppsala University (SE)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Beijing Tongren Hospital (CN)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Milken Institute (US)
- Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Gladstone Institutes (US)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Centre for Human Genetics (GB)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Harvard University (US)
- Ewha Womans University (KR)
- University of Connecticut (US)
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Kelaniya (LK)
- Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
- University of Thessaly (GR)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Jichi Medical University (JP)
- Hallym University (KR)
- Emory University (US)
- Tampere University of Applied Sciences (FI)
- Jawaharlal Nehru University (IN)
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of South Carolina (US)
- University of Peloponnese (GR)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- University of Sassari (IT)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Iceland (IS)
- National Health Research Institutes (TW)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Tampere University (FI)
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Zimmer Biomet (Netherlands) (NL)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of South Australia (AU)
- Duke University (US)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- St. Cloud State University (US)
- University of Eastern Finland (FI)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- RTI International (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- King Abdulaziz University (SA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Lund University (SE)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- George Washington University (US)
- Utrecht University (NL)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (AU)
- Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University of Washington (US)
- Medical University of Graz (AT)
- Peking University (CN)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Adolfo Ibáñez University (CL)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- University of Utah (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Samsung (South Korea) (KR)
- University of Exeter (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Soonchunhyang University (KR)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Institut Français (FR)
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Singapore National Eye Center (SG)
- Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
- University Hospital Bonn (DE)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Ealing Hospital (GB)
- Royal Perth Hospital (AU)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (IT)
- Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
- University Of Bristol Dental Hospital (GB)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
- Keck Hospital of USC (US)
- Montreal Heart Institute (CA)
- Helsinki University Hospital (FI)
- Vestre Viken Hospital Trust (NO)
- London North West Healthcare NHS Trust (GB)
- Mental Health Services (DK)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- Novo Nordisk Foundation (DK)
- Frederiksberg Hospital (DK)
- Churchill Hospital (GB)
- L V Prasad Eye Institute (IN)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- UCLA Medical Center (US)
- Chinese National Human Genome Center (CN)
- VA Boston Healthcare System (US)
- Hospital de Sant Pau (ES)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Turku University Hospital (FI)
- Glenfield Hospital (GB)
- University Hospital Heidelberg (DE)
- Samsung Medical Center (KR)
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (US)
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Ninewells Hospital (GB)
- Copenhagen University Hospital (DK)
- Edinburgh Cancer Research (GB)
- Gentofte Hospital (DK)
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Rigshospitalet (DK)
- John Radcliffe Hospital (GB)
- Jackson Memorial Hospital (US)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Intermountain Medical Center (US)
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- University of Surrey (GB)
- Helmholtz Zentrum München (DE)
- Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (IT)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- LMU Klinikum (DE)
- Southern University of Science and Technology (CN)
- University Hospital Regensburg (DE)
- Westlake University (CN)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (GB)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Mississippi (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Data Tecnica International (United States) (US)
- Institut für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (DE)
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College (CN)
- St Vincent's Hospital Sydney (AU)
- Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (DE)
- Kreisklinik Trostberg (DE)
- University College Copenhagen (DK)
- Dayanand Medical College & Hospital (IN)
- Paavo Nurmen Säätiö (FI)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (US)
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital (TW)
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention (DK)
- Kuopio University Hospital (FI)
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine (JP)
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (CN)
- Korea National Institute of Health (KR)
- Kurume University Medical Center (JP)
- 23andMe (United States) (US)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (MX)
- Minerva Foundation (FI)
- Lung Institute (US)
- Algebra Bernays University (HR)
- The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary's Hospital (KR)
- Kangbuk Samsung Hospital (KR)
- St Olav's University Hospital (NO)
- Netherlands Heart Institute (NL)
- Anyang Eye Hospital (CN)
- Centre for Eye Research Australia (AU)
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Atrial Fibrillation NETwork (DE)
- Information Management Services (US)
- National Institute of Genomic Medicine (MX)
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (ES)
- Child Health and Development Institute (US)
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
- Michigan Medicine (US)
- Laiko General Hospital of Athens (GR)
- Institute of Genetic and Biomedical Research (IT)
- Pirkanmaa Hospital District (FI)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SG)
- Institute for Biomedicine (IT)
- Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI (MX)
- Verve Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- Biocenter Finland (FI)
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (DK)
- University Hospital Leipzig (DE)
- Tampere University Hospital (FI)
- Duke-NUS Medical School (SG)
- Synlab (Germany) (DE)
- Fondation de Rothschild (FR)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DE)
- Lundbeck Foundation (DK)
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center (US)
- Institute of Livelihood Research and Training (IN)
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (MX)
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (GB)
- Helsingborgs lasarett (SE)
- Tampere University (FI)
- Philadelphia VA Medical Center (US)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FI)
- Fimlab (Finland) (FI)
- Institute for Social and Economic Research (GB)
- Hospital de Especialidades (MX)
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Centre for Global Health Research (CA)
- Skåne University Hospital (SE)
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing (GB)
- University General Hospital Attikon (GR)
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- Lillebaelt Hospital (DK)
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center (DK)
- Westmead Institute for Medical Research (AU)
- Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute (CN)
- Pediatrics and Genetics (US)
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München (DE)
- Atlanta VA Health Care System (US)
- William Harvey Research Institute (GB)
- National University Health System (SG)
- Public Health Service of Amsterdam (NL)
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (JP)
- Boston Children's Museum (US)
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL)
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar (QA)
- Icelandic Heart Association (IS)
- Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital (CN)
- National Research Council (IT)
- University Medical Centre Mannheim (DE)
- Azienda Usl Toscana Centro (IT)
- Center for Non-Communicable Diseases (PK)
- MRC Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer (GB)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- Geisinger Neuroscience Institute (US)
- Praevium Research (United States) (US)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- The Queen's Medical Research Institute (GB)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Folkhälsans Forskningscentrum (FI)
- Dasman Diabetes Institute (KW)
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre (GB)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- University College London (GB)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (US)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Life University (US)
- Geisinger Health System (US)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Case Western Reserve University (US)
- Brunel University of London (GB)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- University of San Carlos (PH)
- Genome Institute of Singapore (SG)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (SA)
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Newcastle Australia (AU)
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Birmingham (GB)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Nanjing Medical University (CN)
- Alexandria University (EG)
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Umeå University (SE)
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- Uganda Virus Research Institute (UG)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- University of Split (HR)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- The Hague University of Applied Sciences (NL)
- University of Lübeck (DE)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Lausanne (CH)
- The University of Osaka (JP)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Tecnológico de Monterrey (MX)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Medicine
- Published
- 2025-07-21
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03827-z
- Citations
- 18
- Primary Topic
- Birth, Development, and Health
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 62.89
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
- Cancer Research Institute
- Prostate Cancer Foundation
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
- March of Dimes Foundation
- Breast Cancer Research Foundation
- Ovarian Cancer Research Fund
- Amgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- Bayer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Atlantic Philanthropies
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Yale University
- Gilead Sciences
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- University of Pennsylvania
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
- University of Michigan
- Hjerteforeningen
- Foundation for Cardiovascular Research
- Danone
- Helsingin Yliopisto
- University of Notre Dame
- Case Western Reserve University
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
- Helsingin ja Uudenmaan Sairaanhoitopiiri
- Boston Scientific Corporation
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- National Cancer Research Institute
- Movember Foundation
- Genome Canada
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- Pancreatic Cancer UK
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
- Finska Läkaresällskapet
- Wellcome Trust
- Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislaufforschung
- United Kingdom Clinical Research Collaboration
- Scottish Government
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine
- Swedish Cancer Foundation
- NorthShore University HealthSystem
- Broad Institute
- Government of the United Kingdom
- Australian Government
- Leidos
- Folkhälsanin Tutkimussäätiö
- Health~Holland
- Fondation du cancer du sein du Québec
- Department for the Economy
- Janssen Scientific Affairs
- Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen
- Cotswold Foundation
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers
- Jan Dekker Stichting
- Invitae
- Government of Canada
- Prostate Cancer Canada
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- Scottish Funding Council
- University of Cambridge
- European Commission
- Rosetrees Trust
- Queen's University Belfast
- University of Bristol
- Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia
- Women and Infants Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research
- National University of Singapore
- National Research Foundation Singapore
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India
- Centre for Ageing Research and Development in Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland
- Public Health Agency
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Fondation Leducq
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Universiteit Leiden
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- Stiftelsen för Strategisk Forskning
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Murdoch University
- University of Notre Dame Australia
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Radboud Universiteit
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
- National Science Council
- Kela
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Austrian Science Fund
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Gentofte Hospital
- Dalhousie University
- Nierstichting
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología
- Ministero della Salute
- Lunds Universitet
- Nederlandse Zuivel Organisatie
- Queen's University
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca
- Lundbeckfonden
- University of Toronto
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Regione Campania
- Juho Vainion Säätiö
- Karolinska Institutet
- Oesterreichische Nationalbank
- Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse
- Universität zu Lübeck
- Novo Nordisk
- Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
- Stockholms Läns Landsting
- Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister
- National Health Research Institutes
- Emil Aaltosen Säätiö
- Samfundet Folkhälsan
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
- Umeå Universitet
- Augustinus Fonden
- Universitetet i Bergen
- Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Rigshospitalet
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- Universitätsklinikum Regensburg
- Fundación IMSS
- Dasman Diabetes Institute
- Norges Forskningsråd
- Turun Yliopisto
- Sydäntutkimussäätiö
- Universität Hamburg
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
- Lastentautien Tutkimussäätiö
- Göteborgs Universitet
- Deutsche Herzstiftung
- Deutsche Krebshilfe
- Center for Translational Molecular Medicine
- Department of Health, Government of Western Australia
- Oulun Yliopisto
- Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Institut National Du Cancer
- Tampereen Tuberkuloosisäätiö
- National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical
- Medical Research Council Canada
- TrygFonden
- Gratama Stichting
- Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek- en Documentatiecentrum
- Peking University
- Diabetesliitto
- Paavo Nurmen Säätiö
- Universität Leipzig
- Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz
- Safe Work Australia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia
- Oogfonds
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology
- Egmont Fonden
- Taichung Veterans General Hospital
- Medizinische Universität Graz
- Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden
- Stichting Blindenhulp
- Tays
- University of Thessaly
- Syöpäsäätiö
- Government of Western Australia
- Skånes universitetssjukhus
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Kelaniya
- Siemens Healthineers
- Servier
- National University Health System
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala
- Vlaamse regering
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Fondation Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal
- Hjartavernd
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Diabetestutkimussäätiö
- Xarxa de Bancs de Tumors de Catalunya
- Freistaat Sachsen
- Provincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto Adige
- KfH-Stiftung Präventivmedizin
- Vincent Fairfax Family Foundation
- Heinz Nixdorf Stiftung
- Diabetesforeningen
- Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla
- Amsterdam Neuroscience
- Sygehus Lillebælt
- Turun Yliopistosäätiö
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Samsung
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
- Wake Forest School of Medicine
- Abbott Diagnostics
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Helsingin Yliopisto
- Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Canadian Cancer Society Research Institute
- Medical Research Council
- Economic and Social Research Council
- Cancer Council Victoria
- National Medical Research Council
- Korea National Institute of Health
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- Wageningen University and Research
- Sahlgrenska Akademin
- Helse Sør-Øst RHF
- Det Sundhedsvidenskabelige Fakultet, Københavns Universitet
- Departament d'Universitats, Recerca i Societat de la Informació
- Health and Social Care Research and Development Division
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital
- Biomedical Research Council
- Helmholtz Zentrum München
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
- National Institute on Aging
- National Cancer Institute
- Biosense Webster
- UCB Pharma
- Institute of Genetics
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- Center of Innovation Program
- JST-Mirai Program