Impact of dust on solar photovoltaic panel efficiency in Kampala Uganda

Dust accumulation on solar photovoltaic (PV) panels significantly reduces efficiency, especially in urban environments. This study examines the effect of cement, plaster, and soil-laterite dust on PV performance in Kampala, Uganda. A clean panel served as a control, while experimental panels were exposed to 10 g, 20 g, and 30 g of each dust type, and power output was determined. The results showed a strong negative correlation between dust accumulation and power output, with higher dust concentrations causing greater efficiency losses. Cement dust had the most severe impact (80.6% power reduction at 30 g) due to its fine particle size (1–100 µm) and high calcium oxide (CaO) content (62.75%), forming a dense, opaque layer. Soil-laterite dust, with larger particles (60–2000 µm) and high ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ) and aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) content, led to a 72.8% power loss, while plaster dust caused a 68.3% decline. These findings highlight the need for regular cleaning, anti-soiling coatings, and improved panel positioning to mitigate dust-related losses.