Cost–Consequence Analysis of Semaglutide vs. Liraglutide for Managing Obese Prediabetic and Diabetic Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Single-Center Study

<b>Background</b>: Semaglutide and Liraglutide are medications in the Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists (GLP-1 RAs) class used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in Saudi Arabia. Although the 1.0 mg once weekly dosage of Semaglutide does not have a labeled indication for the management of obesity, many believe that this dosage is more effective than the 3.0 mg once daily Liraglutide dosage for the management of both diabetes and obesity. <b>Objective</b>: To compare the effectiveness of the dosage of 1.0 mg of Semaglutide administered once weekly versus 3.0 mg of Liraglutide administered once daily in controlling HbA1c levels, promoting weight loss, and evaluating their financial implications among obese patients in Saudi Arabia using real-world data. <b>Methods</b>: A retrospective review of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) from January 2021 to June 2024 was conducted on patients prescribed Semaglutide or Liraglutide for at least 12 months. Exclusion criteria included pre-existing severe conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, stroke, or cancer) and missing baseline data. The primary outcomes assessed were changes in HbA1c, weight, and direct medical costs. <b>Results</b>: Two hundred patients (100 patients on the 1.0 mg once weekly dose of Semaglutide and 100 patients on the 3.0 mg once daily dose of Liraglutide) of those randomly selected from the EMRs met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Of the 200 eligible patients (65.5% female, mean age 48.54 years), weight loss was greater with Semaglutide (-8.09 kg) than Liraglutide (-5.884 kg). HbA1c reduction was also greater with Semaglutide (-1.073%) than Liraglutide (-0.298%). The use of Semaglutide resulted in lower costs of USD -1264.76 (95% CI: -1826.82 to 33.76) and greater reductions in weight of -2.22 KG (95% CI: -7.68 to -2.784), as well as lower costs of USD -1264.76 (95% CI: (-2368.16 to -239.686) and greater reductions in HbA1c of -0.77% (95% CI: -0.923 to -0.0971) in more than 95% of the cost effectiveness bootstrap distributions. <b>Conclusions</b>: Semaglutide 1.0 mg weekly seems to be more effective and cost-saving in managing prediabetes, diabetes, and obesity compared to Liraglutide 3.0 mg daily. Future studies should examine these findings using a more representative sample and a robust study design.