Evaluating the Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. Infections in Salvador, Brazil

Background/Objectives: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species are pathogens commonly associated with urogenital infections in sexually active individuals. Despite their clinical relevance, these organisms are less frequently studied than other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), leading to limited data on their antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance profiles. This study aimed to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance patterns of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma spp. among individuals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, and to identify the potential associated risk factors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study during 2022–2024 using secondary data obtained from the SMARTLab® diagnostic system. Sociodemographic and epidemiological data, along with results from IST2 and IST3 diagnostic tests, were analyzed. Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated by sex, age group, and antimicrobial susceptibility profile. Results: Our results revealed a predominance of M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. infection among women (98.5%), and in individuals aged 38 to 47 years. Ureaplasma spp. accounted for the majority of positive cases. High rates of resistance were observed in the IST2 test, with 75.0% of M. hominis and 84.1% of Ureaplasma urealyticum resistant to ciprofloxacin. In the IST3 test, Ureaplasma spp. demonstrated a 7.3% resistance rate to levofloxacin, which increased to 22.2% in cases of co-infection. Conclusions: These findings underscore the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species and highlight the need for targeted public health strategies and diagnostic tools to manage infections caused by these organisms, particularly in high-risk populations.