Spatial-Channel Multiscale Transformer Network for Hyperspectral Unmixing

In recent years, deep learning (DL) has been demonstrated remarkable capabilities in hyperspectral unmixing (HU) due to its powerful feature representation ability. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are effective in capturing local spatial information, but limited in modeling long-range dependencies. In contrast, transformer architectures extract global contextual features via multi-head self-attention (MHSA) mechanisms. However, most existing transformer-based HU methods focus only on spatial or spectral modeling at a single scale, lacking a unified mechanism to jointly explore spatial and channel-wise dependencies. This limitation is particularly critical for multiscale contextual representation in complex scenes. To address these issues, this article proposes a novel Spatial-Channel Multiscale Transformer Network (SCMT-Net) for HU. Specifically, a compact feature projection (CFP) module is first used to extract shallow discriminative features. Then, a spatial multiscale transformer (SMT) and a channel multiscale transformer (CMT) are sequentially applied to model contextual relations across spatial dimensions and long-range dependencies among spectral channels. In addition, a multiscale multi-head self-attention (MMSA) module is designed to extract rich multiscale global contextual and channel information, enabling a balance between accuracy and efficiency. An efficient feed-forward network (E-FFN) is further introduced to enhance inter-channel information flow and fusion. Experiments conducted on three real hyperspectral datasets (Samson, Jasper and Apex) and one synthetic dataset showed that SCMT-Net consistently outperformed existing approaches in both abundance estimation and endmember extraction, demonstrating superior accuracy and robustness.