Analysis of opportunities and challenges of smart aquaponic system: a summary of research trends and future research avenues

Abstract Aquaponics, a cutting-edge agricultural method that combines aquaculture (fish farming) and hydroponics (soil-free plant cultivation), is emerging as a promising solution to the global food scarcity crisis. While traditional research has primarily focused on the chemical and biological balance of aquaponic systems, the technological aspects have often been overlooked. This review seeks to address that gap by highlighting the importance of integrating advanced control and automation technologies into aquaponics. It emphasizes that the use of control systems and automation—such as monitoring strategies, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and renewable energy—can significantly enhance the efficiency of aquaponic systems. These technological innovations help increase food production, reduce operational costs, minimize waste, and decrease labor requirements. Advanced control systems allow for dynamic regulation of water quality, environmental conditions, and nutrient levels, ensuring optimal conditions for both plants and fish and boosting overall system performance. One key advancement is the implementation of sensor-based automated nutrient delivery systems, which provide precise nutrient levels based on real-time monitoring, reducing excess usage and promoting sustainability. Automation of resource management, whether related to water, nutrients, or energy, not only optimizes resource use but also reduces the environmental footprint and improves the economic viability of aquaponics. The review also addresses several critical topics, including adaptation challenges, cost–benefit analysis, technical difficulties, opportunities, the future role of AI, open research avenues, and the need for education in this field. These considerations are essential for overcoming barriers and maximizing the potential of aquaponics. In conclusion, integrating advanced control and automation technologies has the potential to transform aquaponics, overcoming longstanding challenges and improving scalability, efficiency, and sustainability. By minimizing waste, increasing productivity, and conserving resources, these innovations make aquaponics a commercially viable and environmentally sustainable alternative to traditional agriculture. As such, the strategic adoption of these technologies positions aquaponics as a key solution to combating food scarcity and promoting sustainable food production.