The Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristicsof Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollutionin the Lower Reaches of the Qinhe River

Against the backdrop of increasingly prominent global environmental change and sustainable development issues, agricultural non-point source pollution (ANPSP), as an important factor affecting water quality and threatening ecosystem health and human well-being, has received widespread attention in research [1].The complexity of ANPSP lies in its diffuse nature, multi-source contributions (e.g., livestock breeding, fertilizer runoff, rural domestic waste), and synergistic interactions with hydrological processes, making it particularly detrimental to riverine ecosystems in intensive agricultural regions [2].Agricultural non-point source pollution mainly comes from several categories, including livestock and poultry breeding, planting, rural life, and aquaculture.Among them, the livestock and poultry breeding industry