Rice-based cropping systems in Brazil: Irrigated and rainfed

Brazil, a major global rice producer outside Asia, has two key rice-growing regions: subtropical lowlands, where irrigated rice accounts for 78% of national production (1.2 Mha), and tropical uplands, covering 0.31 Mha of rainfed rice. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of rice-based cropping systems in Brazil, discussing agronomic management, sustainability challenges, and potential improvements. The integration of rice, soybean, and pasture systems has enhanced land-use efficiency, soil health, and productivity. Irrigation practices, soil fertility management, and pest control strategies play a crucial role in maximizing yield. Additionally, climate-smart agriculture and no-till adoption are emerging as key strategies for mitigating environmental impacts and improving resilience. Despite advancements, challenges such as climate variability, weed resistance, and water-use efficiency remain critical. This review highlights the importance of continued research and innovation in sustainable rice-based systems.