The Effect of Different Sources of Chemical, Organic, Biological and Integrated Fertilizers on Chlorophyll, Nutrient Content and Grain Yield of Linseed (Linum ustatissimum L.)

Introduction: Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a valuable medicinal and oilseed crop, rich in oil (30-48%), omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and high-quality proteins.Its seeds contain essential amino acids and possess antiinflammatory and anti-cancer properties.Recently, linseed cultivation has gained renewed interest in Iran.However, conventional agriculture has led to unstable ecosystems due to heavy reliance on synthetic inputs such as pesticides and chemical fertilizers.This unsustainable approach necessitates alternative nutrient management strategies that are more eco-friendly.Biofertilizers, which contain beneficial bacteria and fungi (e.g., nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter, phosphatesolubilizing bacteria), offer an effective solution for enhancing soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and plant productivity while minimizing environmental harm.Vermicompost, rich in organic matter and nutrients, and nano-fertilizers, with slow-release properties, also contribute to improved crop growth and nutrient efficiency.This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilizer sources-chemical, organic, biological, and integrated-on total chlorophyll, nutrient content (N, P, K, Zn, Fe), and yield components of linseed.The objective was to identify sustainable fertilizer regimes that enhance productivity while reducing chemical input. Materials and Methods:The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 13 treatments in three replications in the spring and summer of 2013 at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University.The experimental treatments were: T1-control (no fertilizer), T2-application of 90 kg/ha of urea fertilizer, T3-application of 10 tons/ha of vermicompost fertilizer, T4-application of 5 tons/ha of vermicompost fertilizer, T5application of Barvar1 biofertilizer, T6-application of biofertilizer of nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogenfixing bacteria, T7-application of 45 kg/ha of urea fertilizer along with 5 tons/ha of vermicompost, T8-application of 45 kg/ha of urea fertilizer along with Barvar1 biofertilizer, T9-application of 45 kg/ha of urea fertilizer along with biofertilizer of nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, T10-application of 5 tons/ha of vermicompost fertilizer along with biofertilizer of nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, T11application of 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost along with Barvar1 biofertilizer, T12-application of 45 kg/ha of urea, 5 tons/ha of vermicompost and Barvar1 biofertilizer, T13-application of 45 kg per hectare of urea, 5 tons per hectare of vermicompost along with biofertilizer of nanoparticles of zinc, copper, iron and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Results and Discussion:The results of this study revealed that the application of different fertilizer sources had a significant influence on the growth, nutrient composition, and yield performance of linseed.Among the 13 treatments