Language Hierarchies and Cultural Identity in Linguistic Landscape: The Case of Chikan Old Street in China

This study examines the linguistic landscape (LL) of Chikan Old Street, a historic district in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, through the lens of the SPEAKING model. As one of the most well-preserved historical districts in southern China, Chikan Old Street embodies a rich maritime heritage and commercial traditions, making it a compelling site for LL research. The study investigates the interaction between official language policies, regional linguistic identity, and globalization, providing insights into how language hierarchies are constructed in heritage sites. A mixed-methods approach is employed, integrating quantitative corpus analysis, qualitative semiotic interpretation, and public perception surveys. The findings reveal a clear stratification of language use: Chinese dominates official signage, with pinyin and English in subordinate positions, reflecting state-imposed linguistic norms. Private signage, however, demonstrates greater linguistic flexibility, incorporating Cantonese expressions, traditional Chinese characters, and creative bilingual adaptations. By highlighting the negotiation between top-down language standardization and bottom-up linguistic agency, this study contributes to broader discussions on language policy, cultural heritage preservation, and multilingual accessibility in historical districts. The findings underscore the need for improved linguistic planning, standardized translation policies, and greater public engagement in signage design to ensure that linguistic landscapes in heritage sites are both culturally authentic and globally navigable.