Emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC subvariant: public health concerns and preparedness in Nigeria

The global resurgence of COVID-19 has been partly attributed to the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC subvariant, a recombinant Omicron lineage characterized by key spike protein mutations (S: F59S and S: T22N) associated with enhanced transmissibility and immune evasion. This narrative review aims to examine the virological characteristics, public health implications, and preparedness strategies surrounding the XEC subvariant, with a particular focus on Nigeria. A narrative review was conducted using a structured literature search across databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Hinari, Google Scholar, and African Journals Online (AJOL). Search terms focused on “XEC subvariant”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “COVID-19”, “Nigeria”, and related public health themes. A total of 236 articles were retrieved; after removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, 91 peer-reviewed studies were included. Findings reveal that the XEC subvariant poses increased challenges due to reduced vaccine-induced neutralization. Booster and seasonal vaccination strategies are necessary to counteract waning immunity. Diagnostic protocols continue to rely on RT-PCR, with next-generation sequencing essential for variant tracking. Management aligns with national guidelines, incorporating antiviral therapy and supportive care. Key mitigation strategies include robust infection prevention and control (IPC) measures and intensified public health education to reduce vaccine hesitancy. Nigeria must strengthen its integrated response to the XEC subvariant through enhanced genomic surveillance, sustained vaccination efforts, and improved public health communication to curb potential outbreaks and safeguard health system resilience.