A longitudinal metabolomics study on blood mercury and depressive symptoms

Mercury exposure may increase the risk of depression. This study examined associations between blood mercury, depressive symptoms (PHQ-9), and metabolomic pathways in Chinese young adults. Fasting venous blood samples and questionnaire data (N = 477) were collected from the Chinese undergraduate cohort study in 2019 and 2021. Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to estimate depressive symptoms. Blood mercury and serum metabolomic were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The association between whole-blood mercury concentrations and depressive symptoms were assessed by linear mixed-effects models. Linear mixed-effects models and ANOVAs were used to examine metabolomic changes associated with blood mercury based on baseline blood samples (N = 468). We found that for every 2-fold increase in blood mercury levels, the depression scale score increased by 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.14, 0.86]. This effect was stronger in male, increasing their depression scores by 0.87 (95% CI: 0.12-1.61), while no significant association was observed in females. Individuals consuming fish ≥ once a month show negative correlation. Metabolomic analysis identified 44 altered metabolites, with 7 of these were enriched in 4 pathways (P < 0.05). These pathways are amino acid metabolism. Mercury exposure may affect depressive symptoms through neurotransmitter, energy and inflammation-related pathways.