Blockchain-based IoT framework for enhancing sustainability in cyber-physical systems

The integration of blockchain technology with Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and the Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a transformative solution for advancing sustainability across various industries. This paper explores the potential of combining blockchain’s decentralized, secure, and immutable features with the real-time data processing capabilities of IoT in CPS. The application of blockchain in CPS enables enhanced transparency, security, and operational efficiency in sectors such as smart cities, energy management, transportation, healthcare, and manufacturing. By leveraging blockchain, CPS can optimize resource management, reduce waste, and promote the use of renewable energy, while ensuring secure and transparent data exchanges. Despite the benefits, challenges such as scalability, integration with legacy systems, security, and privacy concerns, as well as regulatory issues, must be addressed for blockchain’s widespread adoption. The paper concludes by discussing future directions, including advancements in quantum-resistant blockchain algorithms, the potential contribution of blockchain to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the role of digital twins and collaborative ecosystems in shaping the future of blockchain-enabled CPS.