The role of trade unions in Indian railways: A secondary data-based analysis

The Indian Railways, as one of the largest public sector employers globally, has long been a bastion for trade union activity in India. This research paper explores the evolving role of trade unions in Indian Railways using a secondary data-based approach. Drawing on government publications, union reports, academic studies, and organizational records, the study analyzes the historical development, current functions, and challenges faced by railway trade unions. The findings highlight how trade unions have significantly contributed to employee welfare, collective bargaining, and maintaining industrial harmony, particularly through structured platforms like the Permanent Negotiating Machinery (PNM). However, in the face of economic reforms, technological advancements, and increasing privatization, these unions are confronted with declining influence, inter-union rivalry, and the need to modernize their strategies. The paper concludes that while trade unions remain vital to labor representation and industrial relations, their continued relevance will depend on adaptability and constructive engagement with organizational reforms.