Recent advances in nanotechnology in the textile industry

Textiles have evolved from basic materials for clothing and protection to advanced fabrics offering multifunctional properties. With increasing demands for performance, comfort, and interactivity, the textile industry is transforming nanotechnology. Nanoparticles, with their unique physical and chemical properties at the nanoscale, are being integrated into textiles to impart enhanced functionalities such as antimicrobial activity, UV protection, self-cleaning, conductivity, and mechanical strength. This paper re-explores recent advancements in nanotechnology within the textile sector, emphasizing the incorporation of various nanoparticles—such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, fullerenes, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO₂, Ag, CuO)—into both natural and synthetic fibers including cotton, silk, wool, nylon, and polyester. Techniques like dip-coating, pad-dry-cure, electrospinning, and layer-by-layer assembly are employed to achieve durable and functional nano-enhanced fabrics. Highlighted innovations include CNT-based smart textiles for wearable electronics, graphene-infused fabrics for thermal management, and fullerene-modified cotton with ion-sensing capabilities. Additionally, ZnO-coated fabrics demonstrate significant antimicrobial efficacy and wash durability. The study also acknowledges organic nanomaterials and biopolymers such as chitosan for sustainable applications. While the potential of nanotechnology in textiles is vast, further efforts are needed to address integration, durability, and safety. This paper provides a comprehensive view to guide future developments in smart and high-performance textiles.