Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia: Etiological Profile and Correlation with Maternal and Perinatal Factors

Background: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NH) is a common condition in newborns, with varying etiology influenced by maternal and perinatal factors. It can lead to severe complications if not diagnosed early. Objective: This study aims to analyze the etiological profile of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and its correlation with maternal and perinatal factors, focusing on their impact on severity. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Barind Medical College, from June 2023 to June 2024. The study included 112 neonates diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia. Maternal history, neonatal gestational age, birth weight, and blood group incompatibilities were recorded. Bilirubin levels were measured, and data was analyzed statistically using t-tests and regression analysis, including standard deviation and p-values to assess correlations. Results: The mean bilirubin level of the study participants was 18.5 mg/dL (±6.2), with 65% of cases presenting with mild jaundice, 25% moderate, and 10% severe. Preterm infants showed significantly higher bilirubin levels (mean 22.5 mg/dL ± 7.3) compared to full-term neonates (mean 16.8 mg/dL ± 5.4) with a p-value of 0.02. ABO incompatibility was present in 20% of the cases, contributing to 38% of severe jaundice instances. Maternal diabetes and birth weight under 2.5 kg were associated with a 32% increased risk of higher bilirubin levels (p-value 0.01). Genetic analysis indicated a 15% higher prevalence of Gilbert’s syndrome among affected infants. Conclusion: Maternal and perinatal factors, including gestational age and blood group incompatibility, significantly correlate with the severity of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Early detection and management are crucial for reducing complications.