Analysis on the Toxicology of Per-/polyfluoro Alkyl Substances (PFAS)

The high persistence, bioaccumulation, and possible health risks of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have made them emerging environmental contaminants of global concern. Early studies focused on representative compounds such as PFOA and PFOS, but in recent years have expanded to tens of thousands of PFAS with different structures. According to studies, PFAS can bind to a range of human proteins and are found in large quantities in the environment. This can potentially disrupt regular physiological processes. In particular, its binding to human serum albumin (HSA) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (such as CYP3A7) suggests that it may affect the transport, metabolism and detoxification of substances in the body. Numerous conditions affecting the immunological, hepatic, metabolic, and endocrine systems have been linked to PFAS exposure. However, the precise molecular toxicity mechanisms of the many PFAS types remain unclear. This article systematically reviews the toxicological properties and mechanisms of action of PFAS, focusing on its molecular interactions with HSA and CYP3A7, and the possible interference effects in multiple systems. This study contributes to a better knowledge of the health concerns associated with PFAS and serves as a guide for next evaluations of systemic toxicity. Subsequent research should focus on comparative analysis of different PFAS subclasses and their long-term effect mechanisms.