A critical analysis of Laukika śabda (local terms) in the commentaries of Carakasaṁhitā

Introduction: The Carakasaṁhitā is a foundational text in Ayurveda, widely studied and commented upon over centuries. The interpretation of Laukika śabda (local terms) in the commentaries of Carakasaṁhitā plays a crucial role in understanding Ayurvedic principles and practices, as they reflect sociocultural and geographical influences. However, variations in the usage and interpretation of Laukika śabda across different commentators remain largely unexplored. Aim: To critically analyzes local terms across multiple commentaries and identify the patterns, variations, and their implications in Ayurvedic scholarship. Materials and Methods: The study involved a comprehensive textual analysis of all available commentaries from the 9 th –20 th centuries. Commentators were categorized based on their respective time periods, and the proportion of Laukika śabda used in their interpretations was quantified. The frequency and distribution of these terms were analyzed to determine the extent of variation across commentators and historical periods. Results: The analysis revealed significant variability in the usage of Laukika śabda among commentators. Jyotiścandra Sarasvati (20 th century) exhibited the highest proportion (0.059), while Cakrapāṇi Datta (11 th century) had the lowest (0.010) proportion of Laukika śabda . The analysis further reveals that different sections of the Carakasaṁhitā rely on specific types of regional or local terms to clarify the concepts being presented. Geographical analysis showed a strong focus on Bengal ( Vaṅga ), followed by Kashmir and Western India. In addition, the most frequently used terms included Khyāta and Loke , with increased usage in the 20 th century. Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of Laukika śabda in Ayurvedic commentaries and their influence on the understanding of Carakasaṁhitā . The results emphasize the necessity for a nuanced approach to interpreting classical texts, incorporating historical, cultural, and linguistic analyses. By recognizing these variations, scholars can gain deeper insights into the transmission and adaptation of Ayurvedic knowledge across centuries.