U.S. Enforcement of Economic Sanctions

The article focuses on U.S. measures to enforce compliance with sanctions: administrative measures in the form of 293 fines imposed by the Treasury in 2009-2025, prosecution in the form of indictments for evading anti-Russian sanctions, and secondary sanctions in 976 cases of alleged circumvention of anti-Russian sanctions. Secondary sanctions and other measures are found to be most effective against large businesses, while small companies and individual entrepreneurs are less deterred by the risk.