Where Allies Matter Most: How Urbanization, Formal and Informal Support Shape Experienced Acceptance of Different LGBTQ+ Subcommunities

Abstract Introduction The acceptance of LGBTQ+ communities remains under pressure. Although research on their experiences has grown, major questions remain on the impact of the broader context in which people live and the diversity within LGBTQ+ communities. Thereby, zooming in on systematic comparative survey research, we currently know more about homosexual men in big cities than other communities and groups, particularly gender minorities, and how they are affected by their social environments. This study is one of the first large-n studies to systematically study how the degree of urbanization and the presence of allies in one’s environment shape experienced social acceptance of cis-gay, cis-lesbian, cis-bi, transgender, and nonbinary persons. Methods We used survey data from 2023 and analyzed 2000 LGBTQ+ individuals using multilevel models. Results LGBTQ+ people experience greater acceptance in more urban living environments than rural living environments, but the presence of supportive families and friends and especially supportive local governments can close this urban–rural gap. Simultaneously, cisgender lesbian and gay people do not fare worse in rural living areas than urban centers, and especially, nonbinary people in rural environments can benefit from institutional allies. Conclusions Acceptance is generally higher in more urban living areas, but strong social and institutional support can improve experiences in rural areas, particularly for nonbinary individuals. Policy Implications Especially in places that enshrine the cisgender-heteronormative norms, people who deviate more experience less acceptance. However, (institutional) allies can make all the difference, emphasizing the urgency of support from local governments.