Hybrid Integration of PV, Fuel Cell and Battery for DC Microgrid

This paper presents a robust DC microgrid model integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays, proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), and lithium-ion batteries, designed to address energy intermittency and grid instability in renewable-based systems. Building on prior research identifying inefficiencies in AC microgrids and unreliable backup solutions, this work introduces a DC architecture with advanced energy management strategies to minimize losses and ensure uninterrupted power supply. A MATLAB/Simulink model validates the system’s performance under islanded operation, demonstrating stable DC bus voltage ($395-405 \mathrm{~V}$) and seamless mode transitions during fluctuating generation and load demands. Key innovations include a four-mode coordinated control strategy for battery protection, PEMFC integration for zero-emission backup, and a hierarchical control framework for dynamic power balancing. The results highlight the system’s ability to maintain energy equilibrium, prevent battery overcharge/discharge, and potentially achieve 85% PEMFC stack efficiency, offering a scalable solution for remote and grid-sensitive applications.