Gender Inequality in Kazakhstan’s Oil and Gas Sector: Determinants and Regional Dynamics

Issues of gender inequality in strategically important sectors of the economy are becoming increasingly relevant in the context of modernization and digitalization of production processes. The purpose of this study is to quantify and qualitatively assess the gender pay gap in the oil and gas industry in Kazakhstan from 2013 to 2023. Special attention is paid to regional differences, the role of macroeconomic factors, and institutional constraints that affect the position of women in the industry. The study employs correlation and regression analysis, utilising data on wages, employment, education levels, GDP, and industry development indicators. The results show that the proportion of women in the industry and the volume of oil exports are positively correlated with a decrease in the gender wage gap. At the same time, the growth of average wages in industry and GDP per capita, on the contrary, is accompanied by a widening gap. These findings emphasise that economic growth alone does not guarantee gender equality — targeted policy measures and institutional changes are needed. The results confirm the need to increase women's participation in key segments of the industry and implement strategies aimed at removing the hidden barriers that limit career growth. The study provides practical recommendations for government agencies and companies in the energy sector to create a more inclusive and sustainable human capital management model.