Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Properties of (Mg1/3Nb2/3)4+-Doped Bismuth Sodium Titanate Ceramics

Lead-free (Bi1/2Na1/2)(Ti1−x(Mg1/3Nb2/3)x)O3 ceramics were synthesized using the solid-phase method, and the effects of varying (Mg1/3Nb2/3)4+ content, substituting for Ti4+ ions at the B-site of the BNT perovskite lattice, on piezoelectric performance were systematically investigated. The influence of sintering temperature on both piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties was also explored, revealing that sintering temperature significantly affects both the microstructure and the electrical properties of the ceramics. The results indicate that the incorporation of (Mg1/3Nb2/3)4+ significantly enhances the piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties of BNT ceramics. Specifically, a maximum piezoelectric constant of 91 pC/N was achieved at a sintering temperature of 1160 °C and a doping concentration of x = 0.01. By comparing the ferroelectric properties across different doping levels and sintering temperatures, this study provides valuable insights for further design and process optimization of BNT-based piezoelectric materials.