The Use of Membrane Potential in Diagnosis

Membrane potential also known as transmemebrane potential is the electrical potential between the intracellular and extracellular space of a cell membrane. They are charge particles present within and outside the membrane which includes sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium. It is important to know that calcium play a minor role in membrane potential. Membrane potential performs two basic functions. It allows the cell function as a battery this means it enhances the generation of electrical power required to operate a variety of molecules devices embedded in it. In electrical excitable cells such as neurons or nerves, muscle cells, membrane potential function in transmitting signals between different regions or part of the cell. The signals are generated by opening and closing of the ion channels at a point in the membrane, producing a local change. Membrane potential can be determined using Nerst equations and Goldman Hodgkin Katz equation. Evaluation of sodium, potassium, chloride and the factors affecting their concentration in the body contribute to the use of membrane potential as a diagnostic tool. Membrane potential serves as a biomarker in the diagnosis of preeclampsia, sickle cell anaemia, diabetes mellitus, neurological diseases and renal disorders.