"Psoriasis Demystified: Insights into Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Modern Therapies, and Drug Repurposing"

Psoriasis is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disorder driven by a multifactorial interplay of genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This review delves into the intricate etiological and pathogenic mechanisms underlying psoriasis, with a focus on the immune dysregulation cascade. The human leukocyte antigen-C (HLA-C) locus and the interleukin-23/T helper 17 (IL-23/Th17) axis emerge as pivotal contributors, alongside cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-23, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which collectively foster chronic inflammation and aberrant keratinocyte proliferation characteristic of psoriatic lesions.The review synthesizes a broad spectrum of scientific literature to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease’s multifaceted etiology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, this review explores the emerging field of drug repurposing in psoriasis, highlighting its potential to address these challenges. Repurposed drugs, such as metformin, tofacitinib, and statins, offer cost-effective and innovative avenues to modulate immune responses and improve patient outcomes. By integrating insights from immunology, genomics, and clinical research, this work underscores the importance of personalized medicine and the development of novel therapeutic strategies to optimize the management of psoriasis.Continued scientific exploration remains essential to unravel the complexities of psoriasis pathogenesis, identify new therapeutic targets, and enhance the efficacy and safety of treatments, ultimately shaping the future of psoriasis care.