Impact of District Road Rehabilitation on Vehicle Operating Costs and Accessibility in Garoga District, North Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia

This study investigates the effects of district road rehabilitation on vehicle operating costs (VOC) and accessibility in Garoga Subdistrict, North Tapanuli Regency, Indonesia—a region facing critical rural transport challenges. Guided by a positivist research philosophy and employing a quantitative approach, the study used purposive sampling to select key road segments. Field traffic surveys and spatial data analysis were conducted before and after the rehabilitation in 2022–2023. VOC was calculated using the Indonesian Ministry of Public Works’ Pd-T-15-2005-B guideline, while accessibility was measured through a population-weighted Accessibility Index based on travel time to service centers. Findings show significant reductions in VOC across motorcycles, passenger cars, and freight trucks—attributed to smoother road surfaces that reduced fuel use, spare part wear, and maintenance labor. Accessibility scores improved by over 50%, reflecting enhanced mobility and access to healthcare, education, and markets. These outcomes were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The study recommends integrating VOC and accessibility metrics in rural infrastructure appraisals, prioritizing investment in high-need, underserved communities, and ensuring post-rehabilitation road maintenance to sustain long-term development benefits.