Developing of a Teaching Module Based on Guided Discovery Learning Assisted by Augmented Reality (AR) on polyhedra Material for Students' Conceptual Understanding in Phase D

This study aims to address the issue of students’ low conceptual understanding in geometry learning, particularly in the topic of polyhedra, which tends to be abstract. Many students struggle to visualize three-dimensional shapes due to the lack of interactive, student-centered learning media. To overcome this challenge, a teaching module based on Guided Discovery Learning, supported by Augmented Reality (AR) with GeoGebra, was developed to enhance students’ mathematical conceptual understanding. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the 4-D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). Data were collected through validation sheets, classroom observations, learning style questionnaires, student response questionnaires, and pre-test and post-test assessments. The results showed that the developed teaching module was valid, practical, and effective. The instrument validation scores for the teaching module were 4.47, for the LKPD (student worksheet) 4.30, and for the pre-test and post-test questions 4.40, all categorized as valid. Practicality was indicated by an implementation observation score of 4.47 (high category) and a positive student response rate of 87%. The module’s effectiveness was evidenced by a classical mastery percentage of 80.9% and an N-Gain score of 0.7 (moderate category), indicating a significant improvement in students’ conceptual understanding of polyhedra under the Kurikulum Merdeka. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the Guided Discovery Learning-based teaching module, supported by Augmented Reality, be used as an innovative alternative for geometry instruction to improve students’ mathematical conceptual understanding of the topic of polyhedra.