Global trends and practices in coronary artery bypass surgery

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a cornerstone in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD), evolving with advancements in surgical techniques, personalized medicine, and artificial intelligence-driven decision-making. This narrative review examines the historical progression of CABG, highlighting key milestones that have shaped modern practices. Epidemiological trends underscore the global burden of CAD, with variations in CABG utilization influenced by regional healthcare infrastructure, demographic factors, and socioeconomic disparities. A comparative analysis of CABG practices across North America, Europe, Asia–Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East and Africa reveals differences in patient selection, procedural approaches, and healthcare system support. Market dynamics, including technological innovations, cost-effectiveness, and reimbursement policies, impact CABG accessibility and growth trends. Additionally, the environmental footprint of CABG is explored, emphasizing strategies to minimize carbon emissions and promote sustainability in cardiac surgery. Future directions in CABG focus on integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning for improved surgical planning and risk prediction, alongside advancements in personalized medicine and tailored treatment strategies. Potential research areas include optimizing graft longevity, refining perioperative risk assessment, and exploring hybrid coronary revascularization techniques. By analyzing global trends, this review aims to provide insights into evolving CABG practices while identifying opportunities for innovation to enhance patient outcomes and healthcare sustainability. Continued multidisciplinary collaboration and evidence-based approaches will be essential in shaping the future landscape of coronary surgery.