Research progress in 3D bioprinting of skin: Challenges and opportunities

Abstract This article investigates 3D bioprinting as an exciting solution to the problem of skin regeneration, emphasizing the possibility of eliminating the drawbacks of standard grafts. It covers the anatomy and functions of the skin and the need for synthetic skin for medical purposes. Existing substitutes are analysed, thereby exposing their drawbacks and constraints. This article discusses the concepts underpinning 3D bioprinting, bioinks used for the fabrication of the skin, and the manufacture of skin tissue constructs of several layers. The major issues are associated with vascularization and mechanical stability, while the forthcoming improvement of the integration of biomaterials, automation, and optimization based on AI will enable enhanced functionality and clinical applications. Skin 3D bioprinting offers a new perspective for the development of customizable and engineered skin grafts.