Effectiveness of Surgical Treatment on Survival of Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma

<b>Background:</b> The benefit of surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma is highly debated, as few robust clinical trials show its effectiveness. <b>Objective:</b> To examine the long-term survival of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma who underwent surgical treatment combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy versus those who received chemotherapy alone. <b>Methods:</b> We analyzed a historical cohort of 122 patients diagnosed with mesothelioma, confirmed through histopathological examination. We compared the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the surgery and chemotherapy groups at baseline. We calculated Kaplan-Meier survival curves and used Cox's proportional hazards model to evaluate the relationship between surgery and mortality. <b>Results:</b> Surgery was performed in 16 out of 122 cases. Pleurectomy/decortication (PD) represented 8 cases, while extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) accounted for the remaining 8 cases. At five years, survival rates for those who underwent surgery compared to chemotherapy alone were 53% (95% CI 15-81%) versus 23% (95% CI 10-40%), respectively. Survival among those who had PD was 67%, compared to 40% for those who had EPP. Surgical treatment was associated with improved survival, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.34 (95% CI 0.19-0.61) after adjusting for factors such as age over 65, the duration from symptom onset to diagnosis, hemoglobin levels below 10 g, a neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio over 6, and ECOG scores greater than 2. <b>Conclusions:</b> Mesothelioma surgery, whether it be PD or EPP, enhances patients' survival compared to chemotherapy. PD produces better outcomes than EPP.