HVDC technologies in electric power transmission: International practices and development pathways in Kazakhstan

High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines represent a key component of modern energy infrastructure, providing efficient longdistance electricity transmission and integration of renewable energy sources. Unlike conventional high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) lines, HVDC technologies allow for the minimization of losses, enhancement of power system stability, and interconnection of networks operating at different frequencies. This paper presents an analysis of HVDC technologies, including line-commutated converters (LCC-HVDC) and voltage source converters (VSC-HVDC). The study examines their key components, operating principles, advantages, and limitations. Particular attention is given to analysis of power losses, system stability, and control strategies for HVDC systems, based on current research. The finding enables an assessment of the feasibility of implementing HVDC in Kazakhstan’s power grid and support the identification of optimal transmission parameters to enhance system efficiency. This article contributes to the understanding and advancement of HVDC technologies by offering review of existing solutions and their applications in the context of Kazakhstan.