Invisible struggles: Examining behavioral health, trauma, and recurrent homelessness among single mothers

Recurrent homelessness among single mothers with children is a critical public health issue, closely linked to behavioral health challenges such as trauma, mental illness, and substance use. This thematic literature review synthesizes findings from over 50 scholarly sources to examine how structural inequities and individual-level adversities intersect to perpetuate cycles of housing instability. Grounded in the frameworks of structural violence and trauma-informed care, the review explores how systemic factors- such as poverty, housing discrimination, and punitive child welfare policies-interact with trauma and behavioral health issues to increase vulnerability among single-mother families. Key findings reveal that trauma operates both as a cause and consequence of homelessness. Single mothers frequently experience compounding stressors that are often unrecognized in traditional housing and service systems. By distinguishing between societal (structural) and personal (behavioral health-related) contributors to homelessness, this review calls for a paradigm shift toward trauma-responsive and equity-driven strategies. Recommendations for practice include rapid rehousing, family-centered behavioral health services, and trauma-informed provider training. Policy recommendations include expanding access to affordable housing and aligning resource allocation with lived experience data. This review also highlights research gaps, particularly the underrepresentation of mothers' voices in homelessness scholarship. Ultimately, the review advocates for integrative solutions that combine systemic reform with individualized support, ensuring that interventions address not only immediate needs but also the root causes of instability. A dual focus on structural change and personal healing is essential for fostering resilience and long-term well-being among homeless mothers and their children.