Structure-property relationships of main-group element phthalocyanines in photo/sono-driven cancer therapy

Phthalocyanines, recognized as second-generation photosensitizers, are particularly promising for photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) due to their strong NIR absorption and structural versatility. While reviews predominantly focus on transition metal phthalocyanines, a systematic survey on main-group phthalocyanines remains scarce. In order to address this gap, this review systematically examines the chemical structures and biomedical potential of phthalocyanine complexes containing main group elements from groups IIA (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba), IIIA (Al, Ga, In, Tl), IVA (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), and VA (P, As, Sb, Bi). By highlighting their unique properties and potential on photo/sono-driven therapy, this review aims to not only inspire further research and innovation in cancer therapy but also foster the development of next-generation biomedical strategies. • Recent advances in phthalocyanine complexes with main group elements from Group IIA-VA. • Structural optimization strategies of phthalocyanines. • Bioimaging and PDT/PTT/SDT based on main-group phthalocyanines.