Circulating myokines and apelin-13 levels as predictive biomarkers for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mostly caused by insulin resistance, while insulin sensitivity can be affected by myokines such as myonectin and irisin. In order to manage metabolic disorders, including T2DM, lipid and glucose metabolism must be regulated by apelin-13. The present study was designed to identify the levels of myonectin, irisin, and apelin-13 in prediabetes and recently developed T2DM that may help in the early diagnosis of the disease. The 180 individuals participated in this cross-sectional study. Four millilitres of venous blood were drawn in the morning after fasting for the whole night. Tests were carried out for each participant involving glucose using the glucose oxidase methods, HbA1c using the ion exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique, insulin using the sandwich-based electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) technique, myonectin, irisin, and apelin-13 using sandwich-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) technique. Notably, the levels of myonectin and apelin-13 were increased gradually in T2DM more than in prediabetes and healthy controls. Conversely, the irisin level was lowered progressively in T2DM than in prediabetes and healthy subjects with statistical variations (P˂ 0.001) among study groups. This study concluded that the increased levels of myonectin and apelin-13 as well as decreased irisin levels may be considered predictive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of T2DM.