Exploring MHD convective based SWCNT-MWCNT-GO ternary hybrid nanofluids with variable viscosity and exothermic reactions

The increasing demand for efficient thermal management in industrial applications, renewable energy systems, and advanced cooling technologies necessitates the development of high-performance heat transfer fluids. Ternary hybrid nanofluids, which combine multiple nanoparticles, offer a promising solution by enhancing heat and mass transfer properties beyond conventional fluids. This study investigates the convective heat and mass transfer characteristics of ethylene glycol-based ternary hybrid nanofluids composed of graphene oxide (GO), single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a cylindrical annulus under non-uniform heat sources. The governing ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are formulated and numerically solved using MATLAB’s Boundary Value Problem solver (BVP4c). Results indicate that increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction (ϕ) enhances the Nusselt number (Nu) by 15% and the Sherwood number (Sh) by 12%, significantly improving heat and mass transport. Additionally, a 20% increase in thermal efficiency is achieved with higher Grashof number (G) and magnetic parameter (M), while viscosity (B) and Eckert number (Ec) negatively impact transfer rates. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing thermal systems, improving energy efficiency, and reducing operational costs in engineering applications.