In the shadow of gender: A phenomenological study on the experiences of discrimination, violence, and professional challenges of female paramedics in Türkiye

Although Turkish women demonstrate strong representation in the paramedic profession by defying traditional gender roles, they continue to encounter discrimination, violence, and numerous challenges in their professional lives. This study explores the professional experiences of female paramedics through the lens of gender inequality. Employing a qualitative research design with a descriptive phenomenological approach, the study adheres to COREQ standards for reporting qualitative research. Data were gathered from March to November 2024 through in-depth individual interviews, both face-to-face and online, using a semi-structured interview guide. A total of 23 Turkish female paramedics participated. Thematic analysis identified four key themes: gender discrimination, violence, professional challenges, and work-life balance. The findings underscore the pervasive discrimination and violence experienced by female paramedics, which adversely affects their personal and professional well-being. Additionally, the study highlights their resilience in navigating these obstacles, offering insights into the structural dynamics of gender inequality in healthcare and informing future policy development. • Female paramedics in Türkiye face gender-based discrimination, violence, and institutional barriers. • Gender inequality negatively affects the professional lives and psychosocial well-being of female paramedics. • Despite challenges, female paramedics show resilience, challenge barriers, and develop coping strategies in their roles. • This study reveals gendered dynamics in EMS, informing equity-focused health workforce policies.