Human development, inequality, and their associations with brain structure across 29 countries
Our results suggest that the macro-economic conditions of a country are reflected in its inhabitants' brains and may explain the different incidence of brain disorders across the world. The observed variability of brain structure in health across countries should be considered when developing tools in the field of personalized or precision medicine that are intended to be used across the world.
Authors
- Celso Arango (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3382-4754)
- Sara E. Evans-Lacko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4691-2630)
- Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-0273)
- Lebogang Phahladira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-3263)
- Paola Dazzan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8427-3617)
- Richard A. I. Bethlehem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0714-0685)
- Pablo Billeke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-0678)
- Camilo de la Fuente‐Sandoval (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0773-1642)
- Vicente Medel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2443-8683)
- Ranjini Garani Ramesh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7090-672X)
- Miquel Bernardo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8748-6717)
- Mara Parellada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7977-3601)
- Monise Costanzi
- Mirta F. Villarreal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-4281)
- Jorge Bosch‐Bayard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7168-5551)
- Nicolás Crossley (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3060-656X)
- Covadonga M. Díaz‐Caneja (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8538-3175)
- Salvador M. Guinjoan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1958-4259)
- Laila Asmal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6923-6746)
- Geraldo F. Busatto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4749-4602)
- Tiffany Chaim-Avancini
- Grace Ringlein (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6583-7325)
- Daniza Ivanovic (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1054-3231)
- Jakob Seidlitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8164-7476)
- Toby Winton‐Brown (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-7816)
- Eduardo A. Undurraga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-1253)
- Vivek Benegal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-9689)
- Mark A. Bellgrove (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0186-8349)
- Cecilia González Campo
- Mariana N. Castro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6717-2817)
- Luz María Alliende (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7648-9215)
- Ramiro Reckziegel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0178-5834)
- Philip K. McGuire (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4381-0532)
- Aurina Arnatkevičiūtė (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4098-7084)
- Christine Löchner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-3704)
- Ángeles Tepper
- Stefan S. du Plessis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4617-4367)
- Maurício H. Serpa
- Rodrigo A. Bressan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0868-4449)
- Pedro Rosa‐Neto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9116-1376)
- Pedro Mário Pan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-6520)
- Jeggan Tiego (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9134-480X)
- Marta Di Forti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-6925)
- Tsukasa Ueno
Institutions
- South African Medical Research Council (ZA)
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (DE)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- Western Cape Department of Health (ZA)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Universidad del Desarrollo (CL)
- Mental Health Research Institute (AU)
- The King's College (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Aichi Medical University (JP)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Molde University College (NO)
- King's College London (GB)
- Østfold University of Applied Sciences (NO)
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Adolfo Ibáñez University (CL)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Universidad de Buenos Aires (AR)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (AU)
- Clínica Alemana (CL)
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (US)
- Cuban Neuroscience Center (CU)
- WinnMed (US)
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón (ES)
- San Sebastián University (CL)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- California University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- University of San Andrés (AR)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (IN)
- Hospital Psiquiatrico Infantil Juan N Navarro (MX)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- Support group for adolescents and children with cancer (BR)
- Centro Científico Tecnológico - San Juan (AR)
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (BR)
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (GB)
- Child Mind Institute (US)
- Finis Terrae University (CL)
- Psychiatry Research Trust (GB)
- Health Biomed (China) (CN)
- Instituto de Neurología Cognitiva (AR)
- Monash Health (AU)
- Gobierno de Chile (CL)
- Fidmag Sisters Hospitallers (ES)
- Mayo Clinic in Arizona (US)
- Integrative Medicine Institute (US)
- Early Intervention Foundation (GB)
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Oxford BioMedica (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Mayo Clinic in Florida (US)
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía (MX)
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês (BR)
- Kyoto University Hospital (JP)
- Hospital de Clínicas (UY)
- Global Brain Health Institute (US)
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (ES)
- Alfred Health (AU)
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology (CN)
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CL)
- Universidad del Desarrollo del Estado de Puebla (MX)
- Université du Québec (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (BR)
- Monash University (AU)
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (BR)
- London School of Economics and Political Science (GB)
- Philadelphia University (US)
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- European Psychiatry
- Published
- 2025-01-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.10060
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.12
Funders
- Alzheimer's Association
- Fundación Alicia Koplowitz
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Monash University
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Universitat de Barcelona
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme
- Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III
- European Regional Development Fund
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Fogarty International Center
- Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias