Greenhouse gas observations over the Korean Peninsula using integrated platforms

This study introduces integrated greenhouse gases observation platforms over the Korean Peninsula. The integrated network consists of three World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch regional stations (Anmyeondo, Gosan, and Ulleungdo), ground-based Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy (FTS) at Anmyeondo (AMY), Boseong Tall Tower, Seoul Lotte World Tower, aircraft, and ocean vessel. The AMY station, which has the longest continuous observation history, monitors nine greenhouse gas species, including carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrousoxide (N₂O), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and CFCs (CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113). Moreover, observations from different platforms occur simultaneously at AMY. The column-averaged mole fractions of CO₂ and CH₄ observed by ground-based FTS were comparable to the global mean. With regard to aircraft data, the CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations became closer to the global average and showed less seasonal variation with increasing altitude.The concentrations measured in the Yellow Sea by the vessel were almost identical to those measured at AMY and followed its increasing trend.