Wool as a complex economic, environmental, social, and cultural system

Wool has played a crucial role in the history of mankind for a long time, its versatility bringing together different cultures across the continents. A network of wool production, processing and trade flourished in inland and mountainous areas, fostering strong social, economic and environmental values associated with this raw material. However, the wool industry declined in the 20th century due to globalisation and competition from cheap synthetic fibres, reducing native wool to a by-product. Environmental challenges arose as wool was discarded or abandoned, and critical activities such as fleece washing ceased, exacerbating the crisis. Today, despite structural difficulties, initiatives aim to revive regional wool by creating small, independent systems that defy traditional production models. These projects focus on sustainable, short supply chains and systemic design, renewing the value of native wool through innovative, culturally significant products. This environmental movement involves the mobilisation of local resources and the promotion of sustainable co-existence between people and their environment. Through the analysis of case studies, this research seeks to explore how such initiatives can inspire future policies that promote a sustainable, holistic vision of prosperity, encompassing social, environmental and ethical well-being.