Environmentally friendly approach to ruthenium oxide (RuO2) nanoparticle synthesis: A dual study of antimicrobial effectiveness and magnetic properties

This current study employed a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to synthesize RuO 2 nanoparticles. The synthesis process involved using an extract obtained from Murraya koenigii leaves. The resulting nanoparticles were subjected to comprehensive characterization using various techniques, including X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The XRD patterns clearly confirmed the tetragonal crystal structure of RuO 2 , validating the successful synthesis of these nanoparticles. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) data indicated a weight loss of approximately 5.97 % for RuO 2 nanoparticles, which can be attributed to the thermal decomposition of the biomass and capping agent present on the nanoparticle surfaces. This finding suggests the nanoparticles' stability. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed a pseudospherical nature of RuO 2 nanoparticles. The estimated particles size of RuO 2 nanoparticles, as determined from TEM images, was approximately in the range from 5 to 12 nm. Furthermore, these nanoparticles exhibited significant antibacterial activity against two distinct bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus . This result highlights their potential as antimicrobial agents. The magnetization versus magnetic field data reveals a substantial magnetization at 300 K and establishes their classification as ferromagnetic materials, and also unveils distinct characteristics, including a narrow area within the hysteresis loop.