Automated Insulin Delivery Systems for People with Type 2 Diabetes

We introduce a fully automated insulin delivery (AID) system for type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. This system initially titrates a basal insulin rate for the patient using an I-controller and subsequently introduces a PD-controller for postprandial management. The algorithm is adaptive, ideally allowing it to be applicable to any patient without prior calibration. Additionally, we present a simulation model for T2D patients, combining the existing Hovorka type 1 diabetes (T1D) model and the UVA/Padova T2D model, enabling simulation of T2D patients undergoing exogenous insulin therapy. In a trial with 84 virtual patients simulated using this T2D model, the proposed AID system demonstrated safe and effective titration and treatment, indicating its potential for providing safe and convenient T2D management.