Research Progress and Challenges Analysis of 4D Printing Technology in the Treatment of Esophageal Diseases

4D printing technology is an important extension of 3D printing technology. After introducing the time dimension, the printed structure can undergo dynamic changes in response to external stimuli such as temperature, pH value, and magnetic field, providing new possibilities for personalized treatment of esophageal diseases. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress of 4D printing technology in the treatment of diseases such as esophageal stenosis, esophagotracheal fistula, and radiation esophagitis. It focuses on analyzing its application potential in fields such as stent design, drug delivery, and tissue engineering, and discusses the challenges faced by 4D printing technology in aspects, such as material selection, printing accuracy, biocompatibility, and clinical transformation. The future development direction was projected.