Comprehensive Exploration of the Forensic Value of Ligature Marks in Hanging Cases: A Detailed Case Series Analysis

The Forensic expert frequently confronts cases involving suicide deaths by hanging, which is a prevalent method of suicide in India and poses a significant public health challenge. The diagnosis of hanging as a cause of death typically relies on the presence of ligature marks around the neck. However, determining the cause of death as asphyxia or hanging requires a comprehensive approach, including both external and internal examination. This detailed analysis is essential, particularly when the possibility of homicide arises, as it can be difficult to distinguish between suicidal and homicidal hanging. Aim: To establish that the diagnosis of suicidal hanging can be conclusively determined through- Ligature marks - The physical evidence on the neck, Circumstantial evidence - Supporting information from the surrounding context, which can help confirm the cause of death as suicide. Case Analysis: Four distinct cases of hanging are presented, each with unique features that require deeper investigation. These cases involve individuals with varied psychological backgrounds. Autopsy findings consistently indicated that asphyxia was the primary cause of death. However, in some cases, the circumstances raised suspicion about the possibility of homicide, requiring further investigation. Discussion: In-depth exploration of four cases of hanging deaths, the role of ligature marks, psychological factors, circumstantial evidence, and homicide suspicion, the importance of internal examination, and the role of forensic experts in suicide and homicide differentiation. Conclusion: The research emphasizes the importance of meticulous documentation and the integration of psychological autopsy, and accompanying injuries provide a structured framework for understanding the circumstances