Advancing Sustainability in Dairy Farming: Integrating Renewable Energy and Dietary Innovations

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is critical for achieving sustainability in agriculture, particularly within the dairy sector, which is a significant contributor to methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This study presents a comprehensive review of two primary mitigation strategies: hybrid renewablebased energy systems and dietary interventions aimed at reducing enteric methane emissions. Hybrid systems, including the integration of solar, wind, and bio-based combined cooling, heating, and power systems have shown substantial environmental benefits, achieving up to 91.5 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. These systems not only enhance energy efficiency but also contribute to the transition of dairy farming toward low-carbon operations. On the dietary front, feed additives such as slow-release urea and essential oils have demonstrated promising potential for mitigating methane production by modifying rumen fermentation, with reductions in methane emissions of up to 15 %. The combined use of renewable energy solutions and dietary interventions offers a synergistic approach to reducing the carbon footprint of dairy farming, providing a robust pathway for sustainable practices in the sector.