Surface Modifications of Titanium Plates to Enhance Osteogenesis: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Insights

Titanium and its alloys are indispensable in bone regeneration and implantology due to their superior biocompatibility and mechanical strength.This review synthesizes recent advances in titanium plate surface modifications for osteogenesis, focusing on innovative approaches in surface engineering, such as the integration of nanomaterials, bioactive coatings, and laser treatments, to enhance osseointegration, antibacterial properties, and implant durability.A systematic literature search (2010-2024) was conducted across PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect to comprehensively capture high-quality studies in this field.A critical assessment places these modifications within the context of improved clinical outcomes in orthopedic and reconstructive surgeries, addressing challenges of longterm stability, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory compliance.Overall, this comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into current practices and outlines future research directions essential for optimizing implant performance, aligning with the scope of challenges by presenting innovative solutions in the rapidly evolving field of biomaterials.