Ziziphus nummularia: A Promising Ethnomedicinal Plant for the Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus – A Comprehensive Literature Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex and chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion, action, or both. The global burden of diabetes and the limitations of current pharmacological therapies have prompted the exploration of natural alternatives. Ziziphus nummularia, a medicinal plant from the Rhamnaceae family, is traditionally employed in the management of various diseases, including diabetes. The plant is rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids, which have been associated with significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. This review compiles ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, and experimental evidence from in-vitro and invivo studies supporting the antidiabetic efficacy of Z. nummularia. Mechanistic pathways including inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase), enhancement of insulin sensitivity, and antioxidant potential are critically analysed. This plant presents a valuable candidate for future research and development of novel antidiabetic formulations.